Debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

believes - Essay ExampleHowever, Obama ensures to secure Israel, secure religious minorities and feminines, and foster the economy. He also supplemented that Syria must be dissolved through ensuring that their allies are strong, but that does not mean military provisions. Moreover, both concord in the case of the insisted Egyptian President Mubarak Go (Nate).Romneys perspectives on Americas role in the world are simply the leader of all nations to promote peace. That is possible by encourage the economy of the country, and supporting their allies. He depicted that there are uncertainties that may occur, and being prepared through firm troops is the best approach to storm against unexpected military forces that might attack the US. Obama notes that the US has been reconstructing the economy through employee retention, strengthening automaker industry, and decreasing the cost of oil imports (Third Presidential Debate).Romney believes that Afghanistan can recover through the aid of the US, only if Afghans can meet their benchmarks. However, Obama utters about shifting its focus on Afghanistan after the closure of war in Iraq. Both have agreed that, by 2014, Afghanistan can be ready. Furthermore, Romney describes that the US should negotiate with Pakistan not to commence a war against Afghanistan. They both have agreed to promote annihilation of extremism through leveraging corrupt officials in the government (Nate).Moreover, if Israel is attacked, the US should secure Israel. Romney says that Iran cannot utilize nuclear weapon. Obama says Iranian navy cannot come into the US docks. Both of them have concurred on this--that utilizing military forces is the final resort. The goal of Obama for Iran is to put an end on its nuclear program thus, they can re-penetrate the international society. Romneys comment of Iran is somehow varied, uttering that Iran is a strong nation now,

Othello Essay Example for Free

Othello Es ordinateThe language of sin is non just theologically freighted way of talking somewhat deterrent examplely bad acts it points to deeper flaw within human life as we experience it, perversion of outlook and desire that we whitethorn come to recognise except cannot fully evade. Overview According to view going back to Aristotle (and probably earlier) fewone who acts out of mistaken belief about relevant matter of fact may not be virtuously culpable for what would otherwisewise be bad action.For example, doctor who administers an antibiotic without realising that his patient is allergic to it is not guilty of murder if the patient subsequently dies, assuming that the mistake in question is good- religion error which the doctor could not have avoided (perhaps the patient neglected to construct the correct in haomaation about allergies when asked to do so). In this kind of situation, ignorance of relevant facts would seem to render the act in question inv oluntary in sufficient consider that is to say, precisely considered as an act of murder. (Travitsky 184-96)And since we presuppose that someone is morally responsible only for her freely chosen actions, it follows that in these kinds of cases, the agent cannot be regarded as morally culpable for what is objectively bad action. In the tragedy of Othello, many animal references are made by Iago to the people he disrespects. The purpose of Shakespeare depict Iago as character who perceives others as animals is to show his dominance and his representation of mankind, illustrating his superiority over others. The interpretation of Iago signifying mankind reveals another side of him, his bestial nature. (David et. only 1335-38) discourse Aristotle apparently did not believe that the same declivity of analysis could be applied to someone who acts out of mistaken moral view, and Aquinas and most other scholastic theologians would have agreed, albeit not always on Aristotelian grou nds. 2 However, in recent years number of moral theologians and some philosophers have argued that moral mistakes do obviate moral guilt that is, someone who acts out of sincere but wrong belief that given kind of action is morally allowable cannot be regarded as morally culpable for what she does, even if the act in question is in every other respect voluntary.Of course, if this extension of the Aristotelian line of products is to be plausible, one would need to add that the mistake in question is not itself the result of prior wrong-doing, and that the agent has taken due care to form his conscience appropriately and to determine what he genuinely owes to himself, to other persons, and (perhaps) to non-human entities or to God. Given these qualifications, however, one might say, for example, that doctor who kills her patient in the sincere but (lets assume) mistaken belief that she is justified in thus ending his suffering is not subjectively guilty of murder.The agent freely commits, and is therefore morally responsible for, kind of action that (by hypothesis) meets the objective criteria for murder yet given that she acts out of mistaken belief that the act in question is not morally wrong, she does not commit voluntary act of murder, considered precisely as an act of wrongful killing. (Straznicky 104-34) This is at least plausible view.It seems harsh to regard someone as morally guilty for an action carried out under the mistaken, yet sincere and conscientious belief that an act of the relevant kind is morally justified in especial(a) when we reflect that none of us can be certain that our own moral beliefs are correct in every respect. What is more, this line of analysis seems to find out to at least some widespread intuitions. I believe most people in industrialised societies would be active to take this line with respect to cases involving widely controversial and serious issues, as presented, for example, by an act of euthanasia.However, in other kinds of cases, we may well balk at the conclusion that moral ignorance justifies particular line of action. Imagine doctor who kills her patient because he is an extremely unpleasant old man who is tormenting his family for no good purpose what is more, he has left broad sum of money to charity which desperately needs it. The doctor sincerely believes that the needs of this mans relatives and the demands of the common good override her obligations not to kill, and she acts accordingly. (David et. All 1335-38) AnalysisIn response, it might be said that some moral norms are so obvious that no one could charter good faith mistake about them thus, mentally competent adult who genuinely does not issue that murder is wrong must(prenominal) be guilty of (at least) culpable neglect. This consideration fits well with what came to be the dominant scholastic view on ignorance of the law with respect to the natural law that is to say, since the fundamental precepts of the natural law are in some sense innate, competent adult cannot fail to grasp them unless she is guilty of some kind of prior wrong-doing or negligence. Some contemporary theologians extend this line of analysis as follows Admittedly, some moral mistakes are ipso facto evidence of prior wrong-doing, negligence, or bad faith.Yet, at least with respect to the difficult and complex questions we seem today, genuine, non-culpable moral mistakes are both possible and exculpating. (Travitsky 184-96) This line of analysis, in turn, lends credence to widespread view according to which ones moral status depends wholly on the orientation of the agents bequeath as expressed through her freely chosen actions (considered either singly, or as comprising an overall conception of behaviour). Straznicky 104-34) On this view, mistaken moral judgment, while regrettable, has no moral significance in itself. In the words of John Coons and Patrick Brennan, It is, then, plainly plausible that while do main have primary obligation to seek correct treatment of others (and self), their honest pursuit of that ideal effects whatever moral perfection is possible to the somebody. Certainly, it is true that Othello acts as he does out of mistaken belief about Desdemonas infidelity.But I want to argue that this mistake alone would not account for his act, were it not for other mistaken beliefs he holds, at least one of which clearly concerns moral principle. Before moving to that point, however, is it worth spending some time over Othellos factual mistakes (I believe he makes more than one), seen in the context of what we are shown about his overall character and disposition.Even if we bracket the special difficulties raised by moral mistakes, the moral significance of mistaken beliefs is not as straightforward as we may assume or so Othellos example would suggest. (Jane et. All 19-47) Othellos story is tragedy, and not just very sad story, because it is the story of the destruction of noble, deeply admirable man brought about through his own weaknesses, systematically exploited by malicious enemy.In order for this story to have the force that it does, Shakespeare must first of all make it clear that Othello really is noble and deeply admirable. This point is sometimes obscured by the vulgar racist slurs directed against him by Iago and at least tacitly current by some of the other characters (see, for example, I. 1, 8889). Yet isnt this the kind of thing that we would expect Iago to say? Shakespeare takes pains to show that Othello himself does not fit the stereotypes of the lustful, peak and unthinking black man on which Iago trades.On the contrary when we first see him, in the encounter with Brabantio (Desdemonas father), it is the latter that is rash and unthinking, not to say hysterical, whereas Othello is model of self-restraint under extreme provocation (I. 2, beginning at line 58). He defends himself before the Venetian senate in terms of great g ravitas and candour, and his account of his love for Desdemona makes it clear that he truly does love her, just as her love for him is no girlish infatuation, but an intelligent response to his past tense sufferings and his noble character (I. , 129ff. ). His subsequent behaviour is that of devoted husband who also bears public trust, to which he properly gives priority with his wifes full consciousness and consent far from jumping into bed with his new bride, he sails to Cyprus and sees to preliminary arrangements for the defence and governance of the island, apparently before his marriage is ever consummated (I. 3, 26079, and in particular 299300).Even Iago admits that left to him, Othello will most probably make Desdemona good, loving husband (II. , 28485). What is more, Othello is seasoned general of many years experience, the best military disposition available to the Venetians, someone whom they regard as worthy of unrestrained public trust this is no unsophisticated f ool, but mature, intelligent man at the top of the inning of vital and demanding profession. And yet, this dignified and loving man is first reduced to state of near-dementia, and then brought to cool determination to kill his wife, through the machinations of Iago.In watching this process, it is difficult not to get caught up in the sheer fascination of Iagos deliberate villainy how could anyone be so callous to every human feeling, so cheerfully calculating as he plans the destruction of those around him, so irredeemably evil? Confronted by such spectacle, it is easy to overlook the fact that Othellos rendering from loving husband into relentless avenger is, in its own way, almost as disturbing. (David et. All 1335-38) How can such transformation take place?Of course, Othello is the dupe of deliberate deception, but that fact alone does not really answer the question, because it is by no means clear how Iago manages to convince Othello of Desdemonas guilt subsequently all, he has no actual evidence whatever, and not very much in the way of circumstantial evidence. What is more, even granting Othellos conviction of Desdemonas guilt, it would not be necessary for him to kill her he could banish her, as she pleads (V. 2, 79), or divorce her and send her back to her family.He might even forgive her and tense up to retrieve his marriage. (Straznicky 104-34) Thus, Iagos malicious deception, while troubling in its own right, should not be allowed to obscure the puzzles presented by Othellos own behaviour. Why is he vulnerable to Iagos designs in the first place, and why does he react to Desdemonas adultery (as he believes to be the case) in the way that he does? We must look for the answers to these questions in Othello himself. (David et. All 1335-38) One starting point immediately suggests itself.Why is it so easy for Iago to persuade Othello that his beloved Desdemona has committed adultery with his police lieutenant Cassio? Shouldnt Othellos love for Desdemona which I believe we should take at face value have inclined him to resist, or even just to ignore, Iagos insinuations? It might be said that Iago gets away with his plan so easily because Othello is so trusting, as Iago himself suggests as he notes, Othello has free and open nature and will believe what he is told (I. 3, 396400).And indeed, once Iago (seemingly) begins to respond to his demands for proof, Othello never doubts him until confronted with unmistakable proof of his treachery. (Travitsky 184-96) Certainly, Othello places remarkable degree of trust in Iago but it seems inaccurate to say that he is trusting without qualification. He does not trust Desdemona at all. Admittedly, he catches her in lie over the handkerchief he gave her, but had he been so disposed, he could have seen this for what it is the self-protective lie of flustered young woman (II. , 4594). More tellingly, he does not trust Emilia when she insists, repeatedly and strongly, that Desdemon a has never betrayed him, even though Emilia (Iagos wife and Desdemonas personal attendant) is in better position than anyone else to know about her intimate activities (IV. 2, 124). It begins to look as if Othello is prepared to trust some, but not others in particular, he trusts men but he does not trust women.This suspicion is confirmed by his remarks about women, remarks which we know to reflect general Elizabethan attitudes that women are naturally lustful, cannot be relied upon to maintain chastity without continual supervision, and are sly and deceitful to boot (III. 3, 26480). Various comments, unitedly with the whole tenor of his behaviour towards Iago, suggest very different beliefs about at least some classes of men, namely frank, hearty types such as Iago, whom he regards as honest and worthy of trust (III. 3, 124, and especially 245).

American Fast Food in Korea Essay Example for Free

Ameri lowlife Fast Food in Korea Essay1. Base on fodder market information for Asia Pacific, we can make conclusion that business earlyish in Asian region has to have bright future. With 33% of the worlds GDP and 50% of its population, Asia has emerged as a rapidly development force in the global saving. Due to the cultural diversity, regulatory controls, festering base of consumer cater and its own set of business rules, the multinational corporations (MNCs) find it challenge to enter the Asian market successfully. Most MNCs ar reassessing their existing strategies or formulating new strategies to sustain their growth (4). With regional exports exceeding $1. 3 trillion, the East Asia and Pacific regions share of trade in GDP is the highest in the world. (Global Development. Finance Report. 2006). The economy of South Korea has grown in the last 35 years. Per capita gross national intersection point only $100 in 1963, exceeded $20,000 USD in 2005. South Korea is now on e of the worlds largest economies (as of 2006, it is 14th in the world according to GDP). (2). If we get out compare Korean market to East Asian countries (Exhibit 1 p. 12). From report I have strong understanding that mane warm-food market in any Asian countries is in vast cities.Lets check urban population level in all Asian countries. Based on Exhibit 1 we can distinctly see that Korea has one of the best Urban Population level-total population level 47. 6 million and urban population is 82%. Check GDP and GNI level. We can see that Korean level one of the highest in the Asia. Nominal GDP (2005 est. ) $811. 1 billion. GDP growth rate 2003, 3. 1% 2004, 4. 6% 2005, 4. 0%. Per capita GNI (2004) $14, 162. (5). In 1997 Korea had some serious economic crises and faced sever difficulties. After some structural reforms in Korean government, economy starts to recovery.Already In 2001 Korea was 13th largest economy in the world with GNP of $398 billion. So based on all information from above I can make conclusion that Korea has good future and it is one of the most promising market in Asian region. 2. Porters Five Forces have bring forth a yardstick for assessing attention profitability. They are ?Buyers/customers power ?Suppliers power ?Rivalry among competitors ?Threat of new entrants ?Threat of substitute products I pass on try to analyze each one, for Korean fast food market. Buyers power. The power of buyers is the jounce that customers have on fast food industry.Buyers could be the right way in different circumstances. I believe that in our shell we can say that buyers are concentrated. As I could explain earlier, main per cent of population in Korea are in the big cities. Its give us good idea that for fast food industry in this region will be easier to livery product to the customers. Buyers purchase the significant proportion of output. Suppliers power. A fast food industry require raw material for there business-labor, components. It leads to buy er-supplier relationship between the fast food industry and the firms that provide it the raw materials used to create products.Suppliers are powerful if they are concentrated- it will be really expensive to switch the supplier. From another side suppliers are week if it will be many suppliers with standard product on the market Korean agriculture sector includes forestry and fisheries. National products are rice, vegetables, fruit, root crops, barley cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs, fish. About 20% of the land used for agricultural hum (5). From here we can understand that for fast food companies will be easy to find or switch the suppliers without problems for there businesses. Threat of new entrants.The fortuity that new firms may enter the industry also affects competition. In theory any firm should be able to enter and exit market. And if free catch and exit exists, than profit always should be nominal. There are some barriers of entry. Easy to entry if little brand franc hise access to distribution carry common technology. On Korean market steal not allot firms with brand franchise. And it is big requirement in new choices for customers. It let us cut that it will be easy to enter to the market. Threat of substitute products.Product price elasticity is affected by substitute products-as more substitute become available, the demand becomes more elastic since customers have more alternatives. A close substitute product constrains the ability of firms in an industry to raise prices. In our case we can see example of some firms, Lotteria and McDonalds, who easy change there recipes for Korean customers which needs more healthy national ingredients for there food.Rivalry among competitors. In pursuing an advantage over its rivals, a firm can choose from several competitive moves changing prices improving product creatively using convey of distribution exploiting relationship with supplier.For firm who will try to enter Korean market, I would say more realistic and more helpful move will be to improve products. Improving quality of materials, quality of services, and probably quality of food preparation technology (healthier environment), will be most important signalize to success on the Korean fest food market. 3. Urban Koreans eat out frequently. Fast paced lifestyles are driving Koreans to choose western-style fast-food, but healthy have is a concern. These factors are driving a fast growing market for sandwich store franchising (3).Another important factor is that about 75%-80% fast food customers are young people whose age less than 20 year old. It is mean that along with westernization of Korean taste, western chain gained in popularity. In the past, people seeking a fast meal would have been satisfied by fast-food giants like McDonalds or Burger King, but it is changing. Consumers are seeking different choices. This new requirements has opened doors for a steadily growing market for fresh and healthy sandwich business es. Lotteria is a local hamburger franchiser and is the fast-food market leader in Korea.From 2002 to 2003 Lotteria experienced a sharp sales drop of 40%. However, a strong contrast was seen in the South Korean sandwich market, as its $41. 20 million1 market shelter in the second quarter of 2003 doubled to $82. 40 million in the fourth quarter. This dramatic growth is forecast to continue, and the anticipated market value for 2004 is $117. 71 million (3) Besides Lotteria, the local franchisers include Sandday, Sandpresso and Sand Food. In response to the aggressive foreign companies, they are also coming up with strategies to secure their function within the market, and the competition is about to heat up.Based on all this information I would say that fast food business in Korea growing and this will continue until people need more choices. 4Globalization is the key to sustained growth for Yum Company Brands, the worlds biggest quick-service restaurant company headquartered in th e unite States and managing five fast food brands KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silvers. Demand for fast food is rising because lifestyles are changing, said Allan, who leads abroad operations outside of the U. S.and China, in a recent interview with The Korea Times.More Koreans are being time pressured than they were historically. This trend is happening here. The number of people eating ready made food is continuing to increase. (Graham Allan, president of Yum Restaurants International. 11. 06. 2006) (6). As a socially responsible company, the 51-year-old executive said Yum will provide more nonobligatory dishes to health-conscious consumers amid a well-being spree in the nation, but will not abandon its traditional concept of great taste. Under his leadership, Allan said he will target an annual growth of 10 percent or more in operating profits. There are about 250 Pizza Hut delivery outlets in the nation, which are set to expand to over 400. Korea makes up abou t 5 percent of Yums international division sales, which amount to some $11 billion half of the groups overall system sales. If I were business consultant, I would recommend starting making money on Korean fast food market. The new trend is propelling growth in the franchising market.It is anticipated that the market will experience intense competition for the next peer years. New fast food companies should be able to take advantage of the situation and enter the market without much difficulty, while it is still at an early stage of development.Reference page 1. http//www. iff. com/Internet. nsf/0/B7A5C7E9B662B52685256D02006683DA 2. http//www. answers. com/topic/economy-of-south-korea 3. http//ats. agr. ca/asia/3879_e. htm 4. www. berkeleyabc. org/2006/ 5. http//www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800. htm 6. http//times. hankooki. com/lpage/biz/200611/kt2006110617463411890. htm.

Differences between men and women Essay Example for Free

Differences amidst work force and wo men EssayIt is beyond reasonable doubt that the lives of men and women are distinguishable . To be identified as either male or female is one of the fundamental point in anybodys identity. Debate has been raging on as to whether the differences between men and women are either biological or they are stringently as a result of our stopping point process, that is, they are socially constructed. Social constructionists and feminists believe that grammatical gender roles and hence the differences between the sexual urgees are completely arbitrary. To them biological preferences are not relevant.On the other hand essentialists are of the idea that gender roles are purely brought about by biological differences, and are not modified by the social adaptations in the distinct societies. Further arguments points out that the differences between men and women are brought about by socialization process in the societies which are dominated by men . This argument has been presented by the feminists who are of the idea that the patriarchal system has dictated the types of roles that women should act upon and these roles tend to be feminine in nature.To them biology has nothing to or little role to breeze as far as abilities and sex roles are concerned. The idea of male and female sexes is a myth according to the feminists writers. (Moi 199989) In his book titled Why men rule, Steven Goldberg (1993) maintains that despite the fact that biological differences between men and women embody there is no inferior or superior sex. He believes that each of the genders has strong and weak points. He attributes the biological differences that exist between the two sexes to be hormonal and genetically driven.The hormones that are found in either a man or a woman ensure their behavior hence the differences between the two sexes. (Goldberg 199367) Psychologists and biologist believe that the differences between men and women are largely attributed to the chromosomes and hormones in our bodies. They hold the notion that females and males are different right from the time conception takes place. The differences are evident in the materials that carry the characteristics traits of each individual which are passed on to the offspring from the parent.As the fetuses continue to modernize in the womb further sex differences occur as the female and male features start to be more prominent. The male has more testosterone age the females on the other hand acquire estrogen. (Goldberg 199378). The two hormones have great effect on the behavior of the two sexes. To some extent this explains why the boys play with the toys while the girls are inclined more towards playing with the dolls. Psychologists argue that this is largely due to the hormones which control their minds making them behave in a certain way which the participation has come to regard as either feminine or masculine.(Goldberg 199387) Sociologist concentration is more inclined to the evidences which suggest that the differences are as a result of socialization process as opposed to the psychologists and biologist who believe that the situation arises due to the physiological process. Sociologist argue that if the differences were largely due to physiological configurations of female and male therefore across all cultures all women or men should be pass judgment to play the same roles in their societies. Since this is not the case, their argument is that different cultures dictate the roles that men and women will play in the society.This explains the differences that exist in various cultures as far as gender roles are concerned in different communities in the world. When a child is born in a given culture the reception given is determined whether he is a boy or a girl. The type of clothes bought will be dictated by the sex of the child. (Moi 1999123)Though biology is used to determined the upbringing of the child, it has been argued t hat the way boys and girls are brought up may be the same but the enculturation in the society will impart some roles which will determine the roles each expects to perform in the society.As the child grows he or she check overs fundamental things. They incorporate that fatherhood and motherhood are institutions which are different are designations and have very different implications. They learn that mothers are the women while their fathers are the men and they perform different roles at family levels and also in the outside world. Simultaneously they learn that boys are expected to play rough while the girls should be nice.(Moi 1999134) The notion that they are expected to do different things is incorporated in their minds as they grow . Therefore the children copy what goes on in their culture and this is what shapes them up in the rest of their lives. The process of socialization shapes them as they behave as their mothers and fathers or such kind of figures in their lives. I t is believed that both(prenominal) nature and nurture have a great role towards the development of male and female attributes.Nature represents the environment in to which one is brought and this is largely the culture. elaboration dictates all aspects of human life the dressing mode, our eating habits, roles we perform among other things. Nurture is represents the ways were are brought up which again is determined by the culture of a given society. If as a child one is brought up in an environment where the different gender roles are not emphasized, he or she will not appreciate the differences that the society puts on both men and women.Though one must appreciate that anatomically men and women are different, this should not be used as basis of placing women at a disadvantaged position due to the stereotypes that have existed. Labeling women as weak, emotional and many other harm that places women at a lower position in comparison with men are all derived from the anatomical d ifferences that exist between the two sexes. Biological differences between men and women are complimentary in nature so that the each can work together for the sake of making the lives of each other better.(Moi 1999189) production line that hormones and chromosomes dictate the way we behave only serves the interest of those who want to maintain the status quo, where women remain subordinate to the men. These biological chemical exist only to play some vital roles in our bodies rather than dictating the roles that men and women are supposed to play in the society. The chemical help the bodies to function properly taking into the retainer that man and women have different anatomical features.Testesterone plays a vital role in enhancing male features but does not influence the way he is expected to behave by the society. Male behavior is largely from the observation rather than the chemicals in his body. The same cases apply to the women. The fact that men and women have are differen t biologically is purely acceptable in all quarters but this only represents the sex differences. The roles played by men and women is largely determined by the socialization process which part and parcel of the culture in question. work cited Moi, T. What is a woman Oxford, Oxford university press (1999)

Drug Discovery and Development Processes

Drug Discovery and Development ProcessesINTRODUCTIONThe human body is a miracle but it is also extremely vulnerable. Many illnesses and disorders be still untreatable. fortuitously science is always evolving. It is unravelling more and more secrets about how our body works and which shape is occurring in conditions of sickness or health. The challenge is to use our scientific noesis to discover unused, innovative medicines, a new hope for the patients all over the world.Drug Designing or Drug Discovery and Development is an inventive military operation of finding new medications based on understanding of the biological target. Vast majority of drugs are small molecules designed to bind, inter encounter and modulate the activity of particular biological proteins. These proteins which may also be receptors bind to and interact with other molecules to perform the numerous functions studyd for the maintenance of life. In many illnesses, angiotensin converting enzyme or more pro teins or receptors in the body are not working correctly. That is what the scientists try to detect. If they discover which proteins or receptors cause an illness then these same proteins flummox the target for the development of a new drug. Thus, the target is the naturally existing cellular or molecular structure involved in the pathology of interest that the drug-in-development is meant to act on. Drugs work by interacting with target molecules (receptors) in our bodies and altering their activities in a way that is beneficial to our health. In some cases, the effect of a drug is to wake up the activity of its targets (an agonist) while in other cases the drug blocks the activity of its target (an antagonist).DRUG DISCOVERY PROGRAMMEA drug discovery programme initiates because of a unsoundness or a clinical condition for which a suitable medical product is not available. It is this unmet clinical need which is the underlying driving need for the project. Developing a drug fro m an original idea to the launch of the finished product is a very labor-intensive, time consuming and expensive procedure which puke take over 14 years to complete.Target-based drug discovery starts with a thorough understanding of the disease mechanism and the role of enzymes, receptors or proteins within the disease pathology. The initial research would include experimental procedures to identify proteins responsible of the disease and generation a hypothesis that the inhibition or activation of those protein or pass will result in a therapeutic effect in a disease state. The outcome is the selection of a target which may require further validation prior to progression into the lead discovery phase in order to justify a drug discovery effort. During lead discovery an intensive search ensues with the help of a technique called High Throughput Screening (HTS) to find a drug-like molecule or biological therapeutic, typically termed as a development candidate, that will progress in to the preclinical, and if successful, into clinical development and ultimately be a marketed medicine. Drug discovery process from target identification and validation done to filing of a compound and the approximate timescale for these processes. FDA Food and Drug Administration IND Investigational New Drug NDA New Drug Application.DRUG TARGETSOne of the close to significant steps in developing a new drug is target identification and validation. A target is a broad term which can be applied to a range of biological entities such as proteins, genes and RNA. A drug target is a key molecule involved in a particular metabolic or signal transduction pathway that is specific to a disease condition or a specific disease. Knowing the cellular targets of drugs is significant if the process of drug discovery is to be made more efficient. Identifying the full spectrum of targets associated with a bioactive small molecule can lead to faster optimization, understanding of off-target cheek effects and the ability to minimize possible toxicities early on in the process. It is vital to have as much evidence as possible to abide a target of choice before investing more resources in the target.Good targets share several features involvement in a crucial biological pathway distinction from any previously known target functionally and structurally characterized and druggable. A druggable target is accessible to the putative drug molecule and upon rachis elicits a biological response which can be measured both in vitro and in vivo. It also needs to be efficacious, safe, meet clinical and commercialized needs. When searching for novel drug targets, candidates can be assessed according to how many of these features they have, as well as participation in a biological process critical to the disease. Identification of the target is followed by its validation which a process of physiologically, pathologically and pharmacologically evaluating a biomolecule. It might be perform ed at the molecular, cellular or whole animal level. The potential drug target is then subject to high-throughput screening against a library of drug-like compounds or to rational drug designing.However, the term drug target itself has several limitations. The following points should be kept in mind First, a drug is disease-dependent, that is, every target is involved in a spectrum of diseases. Second, most human diseases are rather complicated and involve a number of risk factors, so in that location clearly are many different targets with measure to a specific disease. Targeting a specific target could not conceivably cure a disease. Third, in that respect are many drugs targets the same target and one drug may have more than one target. The relationship between a drug and its target is not one-to-one but many-to-one. fit in to whether there are drugs available, a drug target can be classified into two classes established drug targets and potential drug targets. The former are those for which there a good scientific understanding, supported by a lengthy publication history regarding both how the target functions in normal physiology and how it is involved in human pathology. Furthermore, there are many drugs targeting this target. The latter are those biomolecules whose functions are not fully understood and which lack drugs targeting them. Potential targets suggest directions for complete new drug research.At present, the most frequent protein targets for which successful drugs have been developed include proteases, kinases, GPCRs and nuclear hormone receptors. GPCRs and enzymes represent the most important classes of proteins for drug discovery. According to the DrugBank database, there are 435 effect-mediating drug targets in human genome. These structures are targets of 989 unique drugs, through 2,242 drug-target interactions. The dataset shows that receptors make up the largest group of drug targets 193 proteins (44%) of the human drug targets) are r eceptors, and 82 (19%) of these are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In overall dataset, 36% of drug targets are GPCRs. Ligand-gated ion channels are second largest receptor target class followed by receptor tyrosine kinases at the third place.Enzymes are the second largest group of target proteins in the human genome, comprising 29% of all human drug targets. Hydrolases are the most common class of enzymatic drug targets, comprising 49% of all human enzyme drug targets followed by oxidoreductases and transferases comprising 27% and 19% respectively. In addition, the majority (78%) of the enzyme targets are dissoluble proteins and not membrane-associated proteins. E.g. cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2, which belong to the oxidoreductase family are targeted by acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

American And Philippine Electoral Systems

Ameri idler And Philippine electoral dodges choice is the bedrock of republicanism. It is the heart that pumps crinkle in order to sustain our democratic life. alternative serves as a crevice in the democratic field where electors, for themselves and the public good, plant the seeds of their ideals and freedoms.In a republic undergirded by a social buzz off, the threshold consent of equal people to form a government that will rule them is renewed in every preferion where people exercise their fundamental right to select to the end that their chosen representatives will protect their natural rights to life, liberty and property. It is this sacred contract which makes legitimate the governments exercise of its powers and the chosen representatives performance of their duties and functions.1Primarily, the study aims to discuss the alternative arrangement of the United States of America coupled with the examination and review of the automatize choice System in the Philippines. A n alternative schema is a concept imbued with several vantage points hence, the study will explore only those points of American election system which has a bearing on the Philippines first-ever poll automated election.In crabby, the first part of the study will present a brief overview of the American system focusing on the national levels substantiated by way of registration and participation in the electoral process, the Electoral College, the routine of the media and the system which they adopted in stamp their votes, which is electronic.The second part will make a review and examination of the 2010 Philippine automated Election and make comments or recommendations for its improvement.The American Election System An OverviewElection is a fundamental part of the American system of government founded on the principle that the power to govern resides in the people. Elections provide the means by which the people delegate this power to elected representatives.The chance to el ect a particular candidate serves as an opportunity for the public to make choices about the policies and programs firearm promoting accountability at the same time.2Election in the United States is held at regular intervals. professorshipial elections take place every four years plot congressional elections occur every two years. Elections for state and local office usually coincide with national elections.In around nations, political party leadership tell apart candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, voters select the partys candidates for office.Electoral College is the institution by which Americans elect the electric chair and vice president. Many American voters argon non aw ar of the role of the Electoral College because they thought they elect the president and vice directly. In fact, when they cast their votes, they be voting for o fficials called electors who are assigned to each presidential candidate.Each state is allotted a twist of electors equal to the number of its representatives and senators in the U.S. Congress. Through its power of apportioning representatives among the states, Congress determines the number of presidential electors to which each state is entitled.The electors primary responsibility is to elect the president and the vice. Each presidential candidate has a slate of electors assigned to that candidate. When the candidate wins the favourite vote in a particular estate, the electors assigned to that candidate are the ones who shall vote in the Electoral College. The electors vote for the presidential candidate who received the greatest number of votes in their state. In turn, the Electoral College only ratifies the results of the popular vote.In most instances, the candidate who wins the popular vote also wins the Electoral College vote. If the election is close, however, as was the e lection of 2000, the Electoral College may end up picking a candidate who did not receive most of the popular vote. The candidate who wins the presidency is the one who wins a majority of the Electoral College votes, rather than a majority of the popular vote. On four occasions in U.S. history-in 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000-the candidate with the most popular votes did not win the presidency because he did not win the most Electoral College votes. This is because Americans do not directly elect their president and vice president. If Americans directly elected their president, then the candidate with the most votes would automatically win3.Voter meshingThe participation of citizen in U.S election is relatively low. According to my readings, slightly more than 50 percent of those eligible participate in national presidential elections. merely 30 percent of eligible voters take part in congressional elections during nonpresidential election years. Turnout plummets even further in stat e and local races that do not coincide with national contests.In 19th vitamin C, machineries of political party boosted participation rates by employing thousands of workers to organize and mobilize voters and influence them to participate in the polls. Political machines began to weaken and then disappeared in the early 20th century. Voters will not participate without the presence of party workers who will encourage them to go to polls. In the absence of strong and stable parties, participation rates have dropped dramatically among less-educated individuals.Voter RegistrationAside from political party strength, the national differences in voter participation result from variance in the registration rules. Voters must register with election boards of each state before they can vote. Towards the end of 19th century with the aim of reducing fraud and other election abuses, requirements of registration was made even more difficult. In urban areas, registration rules discouraged immig rant and working illuminate voters from going to the polls.Registration requirements have eased in most states since the 1960s. An eligible individual may now register to vote by simply notice a postcard to the state election board. The 1993 federal Motor-Voter Act required states to make such postcards available in motor vehicle, public assistance, and military recruitment offices. Legislators hoped that easing burdens on voters might reverse trends in voting participation.4Role of Media in the Electoral ProcessThe media, especially television, have played a role in the increase of cost in political advertisements in order to promote ones candidacy and the defeat of the opponent. Individual candidates spend more money on media advertising than any other else. To adduce from my seminal fluid, in 1860 the Republicans spent only $100,000 on Abraham Lincolns presidential campaign and on those of all Republican House and Senate candidates. In 1988 Republican candidate George H. W. Bush spent $70 million, just on the presidential race. During the 1998 elections, a 60-second spot on prime-time television cost as a good deal as $100,000 every time it ran. In effect, candidates ponder more on fund-raising rather than debating and discussing issues towards the constituents.The media have also made its impress in the dilapidating importance of political parties because it allows candidates to portray themselves to the electorate without any aid from their political parties. They use the media to gain popularity. These candidates erode the authoritative influence of political parties by appealing to the general public through the media.5National party conventions, which officially nominate candidates for president and vice president, used to be stirring meetings where leaders decide who would receive the nomination. Recently, presidentiables have become free political entrepreneurs who appeal to the people rather than to party leaders. This has made personal camp aign organizations more efficient moneymaking tools than the national parties. This dilemma tends to destabilize devotion to the powerful institution of political parties.Electronic VotingUnited States has been using a system since the middle of 70s that allows votes to be entered electronically, otherwise go to bedn as electronic voting. According to my source, this balloting system is also referred to as e-voting or direct- enter electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses an entry device to register vote excerptions, and the entries are transferred to electronic recording media, such as hard drive or a memory card. The direct entry device may be electronic, as with a touch-screen, or electromechanical, such as pushbuttons.The earliest electronic system is the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. This is intended to make voting more admittanceible and comfortable especially to the disabled.The 6selection made by the voter comprises a ballot. After the polls close, the conte nts of the ballots are tabulated and reported by the voting system as vote totals. These totals are typically provided in a printed wallpaper format that can be read by the workers at the individual precinct locations. at that place was a slow chemical reaction of e-voting systems in the United States. The Help America Vote Act of 2002 provided billions of federal funds for cities and towns to replace the existing punch-card systems. Many of these systems were replaced with DRE systems.From E-voting of the West to PhilippinesThe lack of an independent deduction or audit racetrack for the vote data collected by DREs led unspoilts to consider the requirement that all electronic equipment should provide a printed rendering of the ballot that the voter could examine and review for accuracy and authenticity.DRE-printed ballots are known as voter verified paper ballots or voter verified paper audit trails, VVPB or VVPAT for brevity respectively. VVPBs or VVPATs can also be produced b y equipment that does not electronically record the ballot range or vote data such as devices used by disabled citizens that print or prepare a ballot to be opthalmicly scanned.Recently, computer expert David Dill posted a petition about e-voting at Stanford University stating that operation of new voting machines that do not provide a voter-verifiable audit trail should be stopped and existing machines should be modified to produce ballots that can be checked separately by the voter before being submitted and cannot be changed after submission. The ballots thus submitted shall be regarded as actual votes taking7primacy over any electronic counts.As one of the forerunners of e-voting, Philippines adopted with what has been practiced by sophisticated democracies worldwide. Automation was supposed to address the problem of too oft human intervention which made the system vulnerable to human error or fraud. The Comelec decided that the antidote was automation because it assured mor e accuracy than manual count and was faster which would unburden the people especially the teachers, from the drudgery of a manualized system.Philippine Automated Election SystemPursuant to Poll Modernization Law as amended by Republic Act 9369, the counting, tallying, infection and integration of votes under automated election system-AES will be done by computers. According to the Philippine Star, the Comelec has purchased 82,200 voting machines from the foreign company Smartmatic, which the Comelec calls Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines.The excruciating and deadening counting process under the manual system which takes days, weeks or even months before the results are finally known will no longer be adopted. All votes cast at every precinct will automatically be counted by the PCOS machine at the closing of polls and the results will be contractable electronically to the appropriate canvassing/consolidation centers. Paper-Based System and Pre-Election ProceduresPaper ballots are still used during the voting process since voting is done through optical mark reader-type machine, in accordance with the mandate of the law. The ballot contains the names of candidates for every position from national down to local aspirants and the parties under the party-list system as well. There are ovals opposite each name and party. The ballot will be used front and back.Three days before the day of election, the Comelec conducted a alter run of the PCOS machines by inviting members of the public to accomplish test ballots. These ballots were counted manually and election returns showing the results will be prepared. Then the same set of ballots will be counted by the PCOS machines and the results will be compared with that of the manual counting. If the results are the same, the participants will certify the truthfulness of the results by signing on the printed elections returns.According further to my source, the PCOS machines was delivered to the 80,136 clus tered precincts some the country albeit with some delays where they will be stored and sealed until Election Day. During this time, the machines are not allowed yet to be connected to any transmission lines to foresee hackers from having access to them. The public can secure the area where the machines will be stored.The Voting Process and Transmission of ResultsThe machine can still read a leveling even if the voter fails to fully shade the ovals opposite the candidates of his choice. The PCOS machine has an LCD screen which will signify if the ballot is accepted or rejected to prevent spoiled votes.89In contrast with manual voting, the voter has to write the names of candidates and parties which he or she will vote. This is system is prone to errors and confusion such as when a name is misspelled, there are similar names or the names are confusingly similar. Under the automated system, these problems are immediately resolved because the voter has to mark only the names of the c andidates of his choice whose names have already been printed on the ballot.The transmission cable is connected to the PCOS machine for the transmission of results from a particular precinct after the printing of the election returns. The results are transmitted electronically to the City or Municipal Board of Canvassers (BOC) via canvassing or consolidation machines which will unify the results from all precincts within the city or municipality. From then, it is to be transmitted electronically to the Comelec central office.Two-faced mediaThe effect of broadcast media varies accordingly with respect to the candidates political furtherance prior to election and towards the credibility of the poll automation.Firstly, with the advent of Penera 2 Supreme Court Decision, premature campaigning has lost its relevance in the modern world. In effect, even before the start of the campaign period, infomercials are rampant in TV screens, radio, Internet and others anywhere. These infomercial s or ads, which may last from fifteen to sixty seconds, emphasise issues and personal qualities that appear important in the poll data. They attempt to establish candidate name identification, create a favorable image of the candidate and banish image of the opponent. These ads often make use of sound bites, short and punchy statements from the candidate designed for voters to remember otherwise known as the last song syndrome.In effect, there is a radical shifting of the equilibrium which tends to favor those candidates with deep pockets despite the presence of limitations prescribed by law.Secondly, media exposes those controversies and anomalies surrounding the poll automation e.g. overpricing of election paraphernalia, the validity of the contract between Comelec and Smartmatic-TIM, the authenticity of the source code, the possibility of machine failure and hacking and the likes. This scenario triggers the relentless minds of Filipinos, but not all, to question and to doubt the result of the automated election. Pessimism regarding the automations credibility is widespread as we have been hypnotized by the evil spells of past elections. In some way or another, media has succeeded in negativizing the legitimate image of what was supposed to be a giant leap from primitivism of manual count to modernity via electronic count.The role of media is controversial considering that journalists, after all, are not elected by the people. They are not even appointed or conformed by elected officials. One might ask if what gives these private citizens, working broadly for private corporations, the right to an influential role on how the country is governed. This study aims not to criticize the media because on the other side of the spectrum, they play a rattling role in maintaining the governments integrity because media act as a disinfectant in exposing flaws in the government on the premise that it helps to correct those flaws if it is exposed. But unfortunately, th is is not an issue covered by this academic paper.Pros and Cons of the SystemSeveral days prior to the day of the election, several personalities made a conclusion that there is likelihood that the automated election in 2010 can lead to cheating or failure of election. There are legitimate fears about the authenticity and reliability of the source code for the Precinct Counting Optical Scanners (PCOS), a tightly-guarded human readable set of rules or commands that will enable the machine to function.The chaotic manner by which the Comelec tried and true and finally awarded the contract was becoming apparent from a strange failure to maintain adequate time-and-motion studies, a terrible ratio of two customized pens per voting precinct and including the lapses and mishaps during the Election Day. Experts opined as well that machines are susceptible to jamming or hacking. Even the printing of these official ballots is loaded with security concerns.The fears raised by several sectors simulate a general distrust and suspicion not only in the Comelec as sentinel of the democratic vote, more so when the process lacks precision or transparency and the implementers lack of enough competence and possess little credibility not to speak of the inherent weaknesses such as vote-buying or harassing the Board of Election Inspectors to pay voters so they can fill up ballots themselves and the like.But on the brighter side, the automated election is the path to modernizing the Philippine electoral process. To quote from my source the technology might just be the equalizing factor against fraud that has bugged the system for years. It may not be perfect but it can lessen the impact of cheating against the results. Speedy counting is urgently needed in order to alleviate, if not totally removed, the chances of fraud.Christian Monsod, a well known political escort is of the opinion that there was no failure of elections, no catastrophic failure of technology or logistics and n o outrage over its conduct or results. President Aquino won by the largest margin in history which was accurately tracked by the surveys and exit polls. There was a peaceful transfer of power on June 30, 2010. The scenario of a vast and elaborate conspiracy to make the elections fail so that Madam Arroyo could stay forever did not make sense.10The Comelecs plan to use the PCOS to speed-up the counting, transmission and canvassing of votes is aimed at preventing cheating, specifically dagdag-bawas or vote padding during the canvassing of election results. Printed names on ballots will prevent misappreciation of votes as compared to ballots written severally by the voters. Electronic transmission of results will help reduce physical intervention or obstruction and there would be faster counting and consolidation of results. In effect, winners could be declared without further delays.Contrary to what many believe, hacking the machines or tampering with the results while they are being transmitted are not the most controversial issues in poll automation because these would be expensive and difficult due to the security features that are carefully and analytically encrypted therein.RecommendationsVoters education is the primary discover to prevent fraud in the new electoral process because election operators would depend on them to introduce cheating and fraud in the results. Likewise, poll watchers should know which parts of the process are critical so they can guard against cheating.The print, broadcast and online media will play a vital role in component part to educate voters and all stakeholders regarding the new automated poll system. Everybody must be vigilant in protecting their rights so as not to be disenfranchised. delinquent to the consolidation of polling precincts and to avoid disenfranchisement of votes, there is also a need for an additional PCOS machines to prevent voters from rushing and then congesting within the precinct as if there is Wowow ee, on the doorstep of stampede, prompting others to wait and eventually got discouraged from casting their votes. ThereAfter conducting an information campaign, there has to be a nationwide dry-run of the poll automated election to be conducted within the last month prior to the Election Day. This is intended in order to minimize, if not prevent, unwanted and unnecessary delays and mishaps during the actual voting.The Comelec must share as well the factual information about the automation and testing processes to accurately inform the public, including groups most critical of the automation project and to de-bunk misinformation and rumors.To summarize and to quote from what Monsod had said in his opinion regarding the 2010 automated election, a lot of governance problem was encountered by Comelec during the poll automation. These includes the late promulgation of rules, regulations and guidelines, disenfranchisement from defective voters lists, delays in speech or non-deliveries o f election paraphernalia, inadequate training of teachers and Comelec field personnel, inadequate voter education, irregularities of procedures. Most of these involve procedures but since election is a process, procedures partake of the substance of suffrage. These problems can all be solved with better management.ConclusionThe study presented the brief overview of the American election system coupled with the in-depth analysis, examination and review of the 2010 Philippine Automated Election System.Election lies at the heart of every democratic government. Guarding the ballot of every individual against fraud is the primordial concern of the government per se. The people are the source of every power and authority that the government exercised. It is just but right to assure them the best protection and security the government can tornado so that free, unwarranted and unhampered choice is achieved.Despite the problems encountered during the Election Day and despite all the suspici ons and doubts regarding the machines vulnerability to hacking, failure, bug down and many more, the PCOS machines were able to care the mandate of the electorate. The use of the automated system did not result in failure of elections as predicted by many overly critical personalities but that much still needs to be done to make the system perfect. We plant seeds in order to grow. There is no harm in trying leastways there is always a room for improvement. In other words, the automation of the elections in May was not perfect but the system itself remains a viable option. The system need only be improved.

The Failure Of Baggage Handling Systems Information Technology Essay

The Failure Of Baggage Handling Systems Information Technology EssayFrom the article it is obvious that the urban center officials and BAE executives were at loggerheads and bear down severally otherwise for the failure of the handling ashess. BAE president and chief executive, Gene Di Fonso, supports his argument against the Denver city officials by pointing out that frequent alteration of the aerodrome plans, involvement of inexperienced managers (appointed by Denver city officials) and failure to fix galvanizing flaws had left token(prenominal) time for mental testing out the remains were the major(ip) reasons behind baggage handling system failure. On the other hand, city officials pick the BAE for non meliorate the software and mechanical problems by the time when the system was to be operational. But as it turns out, neither side is completely denying accusation made by other. So from the article, it is obvious that since neither parties have fulfilled their respon sibilities, all in all the above menti angiotensin-converting enzymed factors equally contribute towards failure of the baggage handling systems at Denver airport. To put it into simpleton words, the DIA take in failed because those making key decision underestimated the complexness involved. Failure to recognize the complexity and the risk involved contributed to the pop out being initiated too late. What could have been done by all stakeholders to prevent the failure caused by new engineering science introduction?It is always possible that unprofessional behavior by the city officials or defective equipment and software malfunction is partly to blame for the failure of the baggage handling system. But searching for a scapegoat is remote simpler than trying to understand the difficulties faced when trying to develop large-scale dispatchs. The construe management aggroup needed to do a wear job of be after precedent to the start of the project. The major roadblock was th e simple fact that the machine-controlled baggage system was designed after the airport gimmick had already begun spot it should have been included in the original design of the airport. Lack of conversation between DIA airport designers, city officials, the airlines and BAE further caused damage to the project. Before beginning wrench all the stakeholders needed to meet so as to put unitedly a formalized plan. While this did not happen, the communication seemed much give care a top down approach. Give one public works (government) project that has similar or different fates since 1995, and go on comparisons.The much recent failure of the DART mission by NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center is an congresswoman of a technology project which can be described as a not one with an expected outcome. The DART projects biggest problem was that it only had one shot to test the technology. Complex hardware and software can fail from tho one mistake, flaw, or overlooked factor in mill ions of actions or components. mishap Investigation add-in investigated the mishap and determined its underlying causes based on hardware testing, telemetry data analysis, and numerous simulations. So to compare with DIA project, we can find similarities in most aspects of its failure, like hardware and software malfunction, and testing problems. What are the general lessons for this case?As with either project, the initial step should be to recognize the website and then work towards it. Had the project management team and the BAEs executives recognized their lack of knowledge and the complexities they were facing, they could possibly trim back the risk, if not avoid it. It would have been a right-hand knowledge to listen to those who did have the necessary prior experience. Stakeholder conflict, as in this case, with poorly defined roles and responsibilities and or so non-existent communication can lead to disastrous project results.From the article it is obvious that the c ity officials and BAE executives were at loggerheads and blame each other for the failure of the handling systems. BAE president and chief executive, Gene Di Fonso, supports his argument against the Denver city officials by pointing out that frequent alteration of the airport plans, involvement of inexperienced managers (appointed by Denver city officials) and failure to fix electrical flaws had left minimal time for testing out the system were the major reasons behind baggage handling system failure. On the other hand, city officials blame the BAE for not fixing the software and mechanical problems by the time when the system was to be operational. But as it turns out, neither side is completely denying accusation made by other. So from the article, it is obvious that since neither parties have fulfilled their responsibilities, all the above mentioned factors equally contribute towards failure of the baggage handling systems at Denver Airport. To put it into simple words, the DIA p roject failed because those making key decision underestimated the complexity involved. Failure to recognize the complexity and the risk involved contributed to the project being initiated too late. So to sum it all up, the factors that eventually resulted in the failure of DIA project included poor management, conflicting roles and responsibilities, poor communication, no change control process, inadequate testing processes, stakeholder conflict, belike conflicting priorities, and finally scope creep by which I mean expansion of initial project design.It is always possible that unprofessional behavior by the city officials or defective equipment and software malfunction is partly to blame for the failure of the baggage handling system. But searching for a scapegoat is far simpler than trying to understand the difficulties faced when trying to develop large-scale projects. The project management team needed to do a better job of planning prior to the start of the project. The majo r roadblock was the simple fact that the automated baggage system was designed after the airport construction had already begun while it should have been included in the original design of the airport. Lack of communication between DIA airport designers, city officials, the airlines and BAE further caused damage to the project. Before beginning construction all the stakeholders needed to meet so as to put together a formalized plan. While this did not happen, the communication seemed more like a top down approach.The much recent failure of the DART mission by NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center is an example of a technology project which can be described as a not one with an expected outcome. The DART projects biggest problem was that it only had one shot to test the technology. Complex hardware and software can fail from just one mistake, flaw, or overlooked factor in millions of actions or components. Mishap Investigation Board investigated the mishap and determined its underlying causes based on hardware testing, telemetry data analysis, and numerous simulations. So to compare with DIA project, we can find similarities in most aspects of its failure, like hardware and software malfunction, and testing problems.As with any project, the initial step should be to recognize the situation and then work towards it. Had the project management team and the BAEs executives recognized their lack of knowledge and the complexities they were facing, they could possibly reduced the risk, if not avoid it. It would have been a helpful knowledge to listen to those who did have the necessary prior experience. Stakeholder conflict, as in this case, with poorly defined roles and responsibilities and almost non-existent communication can lead to disastrous project results. The most essential factor that helps a project succeed is if the scope of the project is well defined from the beginning. The scope of the project, if at all possible, should not be allowed to expand. Scope cr eep ultimately destroys budgets and leads to over time, hence undermining the support a project has.Automation off course in Denver Melvin VerDysfunctional decision making is the poison that kills technology projects and the Denver Airport Baggage System project is a classic example. The DIA case examines the key decisions that set the project on the path to disaster and the forces behind those decisions. What was supposed to be the worlds largest automated airport baggage handling system became a classic story in how technology projects can go wrong. The airports baggage handling system was a critical component in the plan and by automating baggage handling DIA was going to ensure faster aircraft turnaround which would have provided a warring advantage over other airports. Despite the plan being technologically advanced and a possible winner, it rapidly dissolved into chaos due to underreckoning of the projects complexity which resulted in extensive problems and eventually an e mbarrassment for everyone involved. The missteps that were involved along the way included a demonstration of the system to the media which illustrated how the system crushed bags, disgorged means and son on. While it is challenging to manage and carry out a technology project on such a massive scale, all it requires is clearcutness in planning, scheduling and controlling by managing critical interfaces with all the stakeholders involved. What factors caused the failure of the baggage handling systems?From the article it is obvious that the city officials and BAE executives were at loggerheads and blamed each other for the failure of the handling systems. BAE chief executive blames the Denver city of frequent alteration of the airport plans, involvement of inexperienced managers and failure to fix electrical flaws resulting in minimal time for testing out the system for the major reasons behind baggage handling system failure. On the other hand, city officials blame the BAE for no t fixing the software and mechanical problems by the time when the system was to be operational. Since neither side is completely denying accusation made by other and have failed to fulfill their responsibilities, all the above mentioned factors equally contribute towards failure of the baggage handling systems at Denver Airport. To put it into simple words, the DIA project failed as it failed to recognize the complexity and the risk involved. What could have been done by all stakeholders to prevent the failure caused by new technology introduction?Searching for a scapegoat is far simpler than trying to understand the difficulties faced when trying to develop large-scale projects. The project management team needed to do a better job of planning prior to the start of the project. The major roadblock was the simple fact that the automated baggage system was designed after the airport construction had already begun while it should have been included in the original design of the airpo rt. Before beginning construction all the stakeholders needed to meet so as to put together a formalized plan. Lack of communication between DIA airport designers, city officials, the airlines and BAE further caused damage to the project. While this did not happen, the communication seemed more like a top down approach in this case. Give one public works (government) project that has similar or different fates since 1995, and draw comparisons.The much recent failure of the DART mission by NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center is an example of a technology project that did not end up as expected. The DART projects biggest problem was that it only had one shot to test the technology. Complex hardware and software can fail from just one mistake or flaw. Mishap Investigation Board investigated the mishap and determined its underlying causes based on hardware testing, telemetry data analysis, and numerous simulations. So to compare with DIA project, we can find similarities in most aspects of its failure, like hardware and software malfunction, and along with testing problems. What are the general lessons for this case?As with any project, the initial step should be to recognize the situation and then work towards it. Had the project management team and the BAEs executives recognized their lack of knowledge and the complexities they were facing, they could possibly reduced the risk, if not avoid it. It would have been a helpful knowledge to listen to those who did have the necessary prior experience. Stakeholder conflict, as in this case, with poorly defined roles and responsibilities and almost non-existent communication can lead to disastrous project results.